Why Are VOCs Used in Paints?

Here is why VOCs are used in paint formulations:

1. Enhance Application & Drying: VOCs are used in paint due to their dissolving and diluting properties. They change the paint viscosity to enhance its application. Paints with volatile organic solvents dry quickly as they evaporate easily and leave the solid film behind. 
2. Support Paint Consistency: VOCs are used to adjust the paint consistency and surface tension. They blend the solid particles (pigment, binders) to create a smooth and desired paint emulsion. VOCs provide uniform paint texture without lumps and brush marks.
3. Boost Durability & Shelf Life: Some VOCs protect the paint from fading and other harsh environmental conditions. They do not increase the storage life of paint as they are just drying agents. A report of the Forest Product Journal found a 74% drop in the VOC content of acrylic paints over five months. It means that when we store the paint for a longer time, it only lowers the bad odor of VOC. Storing VOC paint has no direct link to enhancing the shelf life and quality of paint.
4. Improve Adhesion to Surfaces: Volatile organic compounds contain acetone and trichloroethylene solvents, which wet the surface and bind the pigments together. 
5. Enable Gloss and Finish Control: Unlike water-based paints, high VOC paints (oil-based paints) provide enough time to level the paint. It helps to achieve a glossy, satin, or matte finish depending on the paint formulation.
6. Aid in Solubility and Flow: VOCs blend the acrylic and resins, which do not dissolve in water easily. It also prevents paint from clumping and settling down.

What are the types of Paint Based on VOC Content

Here are the five types of paint based on their level of VOC content:

1. Oil-based paints: Oil-based paints like enamel and alkyd resins require volatile solvents (mineral spirits) to dissolve, which makes them high-VOC paints. They contain over 250 g/L volatile organic compounds for satin and semi-gloss finishes. These oil-based paints (VVOC) have a boiling range of <0 to 50-100 °C, and they stay in the home from days to weeks. They are used to paint trim, metal, kitchen cabinets, and furniture due to their strong adhesion. 
2. Traditional latex paints: Traditional latex paints contain 150 grams of VOC with a boiling range of 50-100 to 240-260 °C. They contain a blend of water and solvent in their formulations. They are used to paint walls, ceilings, and indoor surfaces due to their bearable odor. 
3. Low-VOC latex paints: Low-VOC latex paints contain less than 50 grams/liter of carbon-based compounds. These water-based paints contain minimal VOC content with a boiling range of 240-260 to 380-400 °C, which makes them best for indoor use. Latex paints are safe for bedrooms and lounges.
4. Zero-VOC paints: The British Coatings Federation took an initiative on the false VOC-free and Zero-VOC claims. They said that no paint can be prepared without VOC, as even water contains a slight amount of VOC content. British Coatings Federation introduces the new term “Trace VOC” for manufacturers who limit VOC in paint formulations. Trace-VOC paint contains <0.1% VOC content and minimal VOC content, 0.1 – 0.29% carbon-containing chemicals. Unlike low-VOC paints, it is eco-friendly and low odor. Trace VOC paints are used in care settings, green homes, and schools.
5. Natural or Plant-Based Paints: Unlike traditional paints, natural paints are made up of clay, chalk, casein (milk protein), and linseed oil. They do not contain VOC content, which makes them safe for baby-friendly daycares. They are sustainable alternatives to synthetic and oil-based paints. Plant-based paints do not emit strong fumes or smell.

How to Choose the Right VOC Level for Your Paint Project?

Here is the step-by-step guide to choosing the right VOC level paint:

1. Understand VOC Paint Types and Project Space: Understand the Zero-VOC and Trace-VOC paints before making a purchase. Look at the tints and colorants that have been added to the paint. Are they VOC-free? Assess the space that needs to be painted. High VOC paints are unfit for interior use due to their strong fumes.
2. Consider Ventilation and User Sensitivity: Check the ventilation system of the area before painting. A home without windows and proper ventilation trap all the toxic carbon containing chemicals. Choose low-VOC paints if you have kids and pets at home. 
3. Check VOC Content on Labels: Don’t forget to check the VOC content of paints on can labels before adding them to the cart. Look for the labels like EMICODE, Blue Angel, M1, and GUT for low-VOC paints.
4. Look for certifications:  Check the Green seal and UL Greenguard as the mark of environment friendly. Green Seal Standard GS-11 is more strict than EPA.